Hajar Dahim
1 
, Mohammad Kazemi-Arababadi
2 , Mohammadmohsen Taghavi
3 , Zahra Taghipour
4 , Samereh Dehghani-Soltani
4 , Abdolreza Babaea
4 , Mohammadreza Rahmani
5 , Alireza Nazari
6 , Mahsa Dalfardi
7 , Hossein Pourmobini
8 , Erfan Shahabinejad
9 , Ahmad Shabanizadeh
10* 1 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
2 Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
3 Department of Anatomical Sciences, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Medical School, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
4 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
5 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute on Basic Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
6 Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
7 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
8 Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
9 Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
10 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
Abstract
Background and aims: Cytokines play crucial roles in immune responses. Nanoparticles, such as nanosilver (NS), are widely used to improve drug delivery. It has been reported that NS may affect immune cell functions. Royal jelly (RJ) has protective roles against several molecules, including free radicals and other harmful molecules. This project was designed to explore the influential role of RJ and NS in the immune response in the livers and kidneys of rats.
Methods: In this study, 40 rats were divided into control, RJ, NS, and RJ-NS-treated groups. The rats were treated with RJ, NS, and their combination. Further, levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-13, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and C-C motif chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3) in the liver and kidney were evaluated using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique.
Results: The results demonstrated that NS reduced the CCL3 and TNF-α levels in the liver and kidney, respectively. In addition, RJ decreased IL-13 levels in both kidney and liver tissues. In the kidney, IL-13 levels were significantly reduced in the RJ group compared to the control (P=0.043) and NS-RJ (P=0.002) groups. In the liver, IL-13 levels also decreased in the RJ group compared to the control group (P=0.050).
Conclusion: Based on the results, RJ significantly protects macrophage functions, the main cells that produce TNF-α and respond to CCL3. RJ may also improve the pathogenesis of IL-13-related diseases. RJ could neutralize the effects of NS on CCL3 and TNF-α levels.